Resilient infrastructure pays off four-fold for low - and middle-income countries and could save those countries $4.2 trillion over the life of the infrastructure, says a new report from the World Bank. Such investments become even more cost effective as the impacts of climate change worsen, according to the report, “Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity。”然而，在未来十年中，无所作为的成本为1万亿美元。

如果没有气候变化，弹性的基础设施可节省每花费1美元的中位数情况下的$ 2，但是随着气候变化，每花费1美元，这些国家将节省4美元。“如果影响温和，可能接近2美元，”Ferzina Banaji，世界银行的发言人。“真正的福利成本比率可能比中位数提出的要高得多。”

The report uses what might be the first high-level分析of engineering options to improve resilience in the power, water and transportation sectors. Performed by Miyamoto International, engineers for the seismic and structural company calculated the cost of engineering improvements for EQ motion, liquefaction, wind, flood and landslides for 18 types of infrastructure, and how much those upgrades would reduce damages.

在研究这些改进时，团队发现，当缺乏基本基础设施的质量控制时，很难计算出弹性的改进。例如，印尼地震代码与美国相当，但宫本报告的作者之一阿米尔·吉拉尼（Amir Gilani）指出，该领域的建设并不达到同一标准。

The number one recommendation in the World Bank report is to “get the basics right,” through, planning, financing, regulations and enforcement. “A poorly maintained infrastructure asset cannot be resilient,” according to the World Bank report.

Infrastructure also cannot be looked at in a vacuum. Gilani says infrastructure failures have a cascading effect—if electricity goes down, pumps can’t operate and water systems are inoperable.

“It is cheaper and easier to build resilience if we look beyond individual assets, like bridges or electric poles, and understand the vulnerabilities of systems and users,” said Stephane Hallegatte, lead author of the report. “By doing so, entire systems can be better designed and with greater flexibility so that damages are localized and do not spread through entire networks, crippling economies at large.”

在低收入国家和中等收入国家中，缺乏弹性基础设施每年为个人和公司造成高达39新利18备用官网登录00亿美元的费用，此外，由于这些国家的自然灾害，还增加了180亿美元的发电和其他基础设施的直接成本。在低收入国家和中等收入国家中，到2030年到2030年的电力，水和卫生设施以及运输部门的弹性资产以及运输部门的设计将在110亿至650亿美元之间 - 与整体投资需求相比，成本约为3％，根据报告。

Some resilience investments might not be worth the cost. According to the report, increasing the flood resistance of a road would have an incremental cost of 3%, while increasing the flood resilience of a railway by elevating it could increase costs by 50%.

“有时候，”阿米尔说，“最好移动，而不是重建。”

报告中的其他建议包括：风力涡轮机，手机塔以及传输和分配系统的更好材料，以增加对强风的抵抗力并延长其寿命；通过添加备份组件，增加了水和废水处理厂中成分的冗余性；并在水处理厂和核电站周围建造更高的堤防，以保护它们免受洪水的侵害。

The report says resilient construction and materials, in some instances, can lower the cost of building that asset, giving the example of a modular bridge with a deck incased in stainless steel. “This approach results in a significantly longer design life of up to 100 years with lower maintenance costs—a performance well beyond that achieved with the traditional in situ reinforced concrete,” according to the report.