超过十年前,建筑信息模型ing enthusiasts heralded the relatively new digital tool as a cure for poorly coordinated drawings, component clashes, schedule delays, claims and even lawsuits. And though there have been gains on BIM-enabled projects, there are still big growing pains, agreed BIM design veterans at Structures Congress 2018.

一个工程师甚至预测荡妇-related disputes are likely to grow in number, not shrink. “The frequency is increasing because there are more projects in BIM and typically, following a heavy construction cycle, lawsuits pick up,” said Will Ikerd, principal of Ikerd Consulting LLC, at the American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute’s conference, which drew 1,114 registrants to Fort Worth, Texas, April 19-21.

As an expert witness for disputes, Ikerd has seen BIM-related suits on hospitals, offices, parking garages and bridges. “Any project with BIM can be susceptible,” said Ikerd, chairman of the BIMForum’s BIM Execution Planning Guide task force.

“This is an area for risk management,” he added. To avoid exposure, Ikerd advised designers to be clear and consistent, in writing and verbally, about BIM deliverables during contract negotiations with the owner, in plans and specifications and in the models themselves.

Unclear communication caused problems on a $100-million-plus U.S. hospital project, he said. An expert in the dispute, Ikerd declined to give the name of the hospital or any details about the 2013 confidential settlement, other than to say it favored the general contractor over the owner.

“The common takeaways from the case were that key trades believed they were entitled to a better design model from the general contractor and pointed to the lack of such a model as the reason for their cost and schedule overruns,” said Ikerd.

One aid to avoiding false expectations is the BIMForum LOD Specification, first published in 2013 and updated each year. The spec and its 12-page introduction, set to come out again June 1, is tantamount to a dictionary of the language used to define BIM scope, schedule and fees.

LOD为模型中的每个组件或元素的“开发级别”，从列到Windows。有六个级别对应于不同的项目阶段，从概念设计到竣工模型。“一个大的误解是整个型号的[单身] lod，”Ikerd说。“没有，这是一个混乱的源泉。”

If a designer promises an entire model at LOD 300—the contract document stage—the designer is promising something impossible to deliver, said Ikerd.

向前沟通的另一个援助是指导，9月份截止。目的，为中小型项目，指南是一个查尔斯Pankow基金会资助项目，旨在帮助新利18备用网址业主及其团队在合同和建筑文件中使用BIM和LOD来达到清晰度。

Though BIM is becoming more widely used on projects, it is still far from a panacea, especially for structural engineers. “We want BIM, but it is very expensive and time-consuming to implement full BIM in our practice,” said Kevin G. Casey, a principal at BBM Structural Engineers Inc. “We have never gotten more fee to deliver a BIM,” he added.

过程也仍然存在问题。对于每个项目，所有详细信息和说明仍然在另一个工具中生成并导入最终文件，添加了Casey。另一个昙花是云中Bim的增殖。如果服务提供商的系统下降，它可以中断工作流程几个小时甚至几天。工程师的建议是包括设计合同中失去时间的可能性。

Integrated project delivery (IPD), a multiparty contracting method in which the owner, designer and contractor share risk and reward, was initially intended to help teams collaborate and share BIMs without fear of lawsuits. Though IPD is still a favorite of some owners, especially in health care, it falls far short of being a cure-all.

Dave Martin, a project engineer for Degenkolb, told of a $400-million IPD hospital where there was no profit. “We would do it again because our expenses were still covered,” he said.

David Odeh, a principal of Odeh Engineers, said exposing profit and staff pay, requisites of IPD, can be awkward. The architect can see the structural engineer’s numbers, which are often better, he said.

Even with the hiccups of BIM, there was agreement among structural engineers that BIM is here to stay. “The industry is not going to go backward,” said one.