The 10 Largest Base-Isolated Buildings in the World

base01 — 1.加州库比蒂诺苹果公园,445005 square meters. Apple’s new corporate headquarters is a four-story, ring-shaped building, with a circumference of 1,512 sq ft. It houses 12,000 employees and opened in April 2017. It was designed by Foster and Partners. In addition to the four floors above ground, it also includes three stories below ground. The building sits on top of 700 base isolators. Each isolator is 7 ft in diameter and weighs about 15,000 lbs. The isolators were customized for low friction, according to the lead structural engineer, John Worley, of Arup. Construction of the entire Apple Campus 2, including the headquarters building as well as a 1,000-seat auditorium (the Steve Jobs Theater), a wellness-fitness center, two R&D buildings, a visitor center and parking structures, totaled $5 billion. The building’s inner part is a 30-acre park, featuring fruit trees, winding paths and a pond.

base02 — 2. Adana Integrated Health Campus, Adana, Turkey, 430,000 square meters. The campus was developed as a public-private partnership between ADN PPP Sağlık Yatırım A.Ş., a joint venture of four firms, and the Turkish Ministry of Health. The campus will have a total capacity of 1,550 beds housed in three hospitals: the 1,300-bed main hospital, a 150-bed physical-therapy and rehabilitation hospital and a 100-bed high-security criminal psychiatric hospital. The campus is supported by 1,512 base isolators. The complex was designed by HWP, and built by Rönesans Sağlık Yatırım. The structural engineer was Ulker Engineering Ltd. It was completed in May, 2017.

*照片由Ronesans提供*

base03 — 3.东京东京东塔（Tokyo Skytree East Tower），229,237平方米。这个综合用途综合体包括办公大楼，购物中心和娱乐综合体。一个八层楼的讲台上有一个购物中心，天文馆和剧院，为数以百万计的游客提供参观东京Skytree塔上的观测站。办公大楼升至31个故事。该综合大楼是由Nikken Sekkei设计的，由Obayashi Corp.建造。该公司于2012年完成。

*照片礼貌Obayashi Corp.*

base04 — 4.土耳其伊斯帕塔的伊斯帕塔市医院，221,000平方米。土耳其企业集团Akfen Holding是与土耳其卫生部建立了25年的公共私人合作伙伴关系的一部分。Dost Insaat ve proje yonetimi A.S.担任755张床设施的设计建造者，建筑公司YazganMimarlık和HayalgucuMimarlıkJ.V.处理设计工作。基本隔离系统具有903个由Maurer AG提供的表面摩擦式单元。该项目的结构工程师是Pribi Insaat Proje Bilgi Islem Merkezi A.S.它于2016年12月完成。

*Photo Courtesy Dost Construction*

base05 — 5. Logistics Park Hino, Tokyo, 212,853 square meters. A five-level warehouse with spiral ramps at both ends, it was designed by Obayashigumi Design Office and built by the Obayashi Corp. It was completed in 2015. It is owned by Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.

*False-3D Image by Google Earth. Imagery circa 2015.*

base06 — 6. Logiport Sagamihara, Sagamihara, Japan. 210,000 square meters. A five-level warehouse with spiral ramps at both ends, it was designed by Obayashigumi Design Office and built by the Obayashi Corp. It was completed in 2013. Sagamihara is a western suburb of Tokyo.

*Photo Courtesy LaSalle Investment Management*

base07 — 7. Shinagawa Season Terrace, Tokyo, 205,786 square meters. An office building, it was designed by the NTT Facilities Design Office and built by Taisei Corp. It was completed in 2015.

*Photo Courtesy Tokyoing*

base08 — 8. Sabiha Gökçen Airport International Terminal, Istanbul, 200,000 square meters. ISG, a partnership of Limak Holding (LIMAK), GMR Infrastructure Limited (GMR) and Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (MAHB) is the operator of the airport under a 20-year build-operate-transfer agreement signed in 2008. Tasked with completing the terminal in 18 months, Limak and GMR formed a joint venture and signed an EPC contract with ISG. The building's footprint is 160 m x 272 m and includes four stories above a basement level. It can serve 16 middle-sized fuselage aircraft or eight wide-body planes simultaneously. It features seven arched bays with vaulting roofs of alternating 32-m and 48-m spans, employing space frame trusses. The superstructure is a steel moment frame, resting on 292 triple-friction-pendulum isolation bearings supplied by Earthquake Protection Systems, Inc. The structural engineer who led the seismic design for the terminal was Atila Zekioglu, of Arup. The terminal opened in 2009.

*Photo Courtesy openbuildings.com*

base09 — 9. Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey, 180,000 square meters. It was built by Kur Construction Co. Ltd. This 400-bed hospital is supported by 386 lead-rubber bearing isolators, which were supplied by Dynamic Isolation Systems Inc.

*Rendering Courtesy Prota Engineering*

base10 — 10. Tan Tzu Medical Center, Tai Chung, Taiwan, 157,930 square meters. Designed by C.C. Hsu & Associates, the complex includes a four- to six-story western section, a 17-story tower, and two underground levels containing parking, storage space and a cafeteria. The 1,300-bed medical center rests on 325 lead-rubber-bearing base isolators located below the second underground level. The building also is outfitted with 88 fluid viscous dampers. The lateral-force-resisting system of the superstructure consists of steel-reinforced-concrete moment frames. The total superstructure mass resting on the base-isolation system weighs 285,600 tons. The base-isolation system was designed by KPFF consulting engineers, led by Andrew W. Taylor. Construction was completed in 2006, at which time the structure was the largest base-isolated building in the world. The project was challenging, as the building is located only 400 m from the Chelungpu fault, which ruptured in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake.

*Photo Courtesy C.C. Hsu & Associates*

July 17, 2017

Scott Lewis

2 Comments

基础隔离是一种调节地震对建筑物的影响的方法。隔离器设备（弹性或滑动）安装在基础和建筑物上层建筑之间。随附的幻灯片展览会着眼于全球十座最大的基本隔离建筑物，该建筑物由总面积衡量。

"The use of base isolation as seismic protection for buildings, bridges and industrial facilities continues to grow, but has done so more robustly internationally than in the U.S.," says Ronald Hamburger, Senior Principal with Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, a leading seismic engineering firm.

Not surprisingly, Japan, the most seismically active country, employs it most extensively, with 4,100 base-isolated commercial and institutional buildings as of December 2015, according to the Japan Society of Seismic Isolation. "Japan looks at base isolation as a primary option," says Konrad Eriksen, President of Dynamic Isolation Systems Inc., a leading designer and manufacturer of isolators. "In the Japanese residential market, prospective condo owners will pay a premium for a base-isolated building compared to a conventional building," says Gordon Wray, associate principal at Degenkolb Engineers, another prominent seismic engineering firm.

土耳其是另一个非常活跃的国家，也坚定地致力于基础隔离方法。值得注意的是，它已经开始了一项136亿美元的计划，以建立许多大型现代医院，其中大多数将是基础隔离的。此外，还以这种方式保护了主要的桥梁和高架桥。

One notable project under construction in Turkey is the Ikitelli Integrated Health Campus in Istanbul. The 2,330-bed main hospital building there is expected to contain 2,000 isolators. It is a public-private partnership being developed by Istanbul PPP Sağlık Yatırım A.Ş. When completed, it is expected to be the largest base-isolated building in the world.

其他国家推动基础隔离包括气na, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. In contrast, "in the U.S., seismic isolation is used relatively infrequently," according to Hamburger. "In recent years, the inaccurate perception that other structural systems, including energy-dissipated moment frames, or buckling-restrained braced frames, can provide similar protection at lower first cost has slowed the growth of this technology in the U.S."

"In the U.S., seismic resilience is taken for granted because of the recent infrequency of earthquakes and several decades of good building codes," says Wray. "Modern buildings have performed well in recent earthquakes (few collapses), although we have not yet experienced a code-level earthquake in a densely populated area in 23 years. I believe that many building owners have an expectation of operational performance, when typical code buildings are designed only to protect life-safety."

Seismic-isolation technologies fall into two categories: elastomeric and sliding systems. Elastomeric isolation systems consist of natural rubber; natural rubber with lead cores to dissipate energy; and high-damping rubber, consisting of blends of natural and synthetic compounds. Sliding systems generally include flat sliders, typically used in combination with elastomeric bearings and friction pendulum devices. Within the friction pendulum category there are a series of different designs, including the original system that employed a single curved dish and sliding element; a double pendulum, in which two curved dish surfaces are employed; and a triple pendulum employing three such surfaces. "The triple pendulum system reduces the size of the isolator while increasing its effectiveness," says Farzad Naeim, a prominent structural engineer and former president of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

根据埃里克森（Eriksen）的说法，弹性体轴承首先在1950年代在桥梁上使用，发现对机械轴承的改善，该轴承受到腐蚀。1980年代后期开发了摩擦摆轴承。“摩擦摆轴承在美国的其他一些重要市场中占主导地位的应用，以及在全球某些类型的建筑物中的大多数应用（海上石油平台，液化天然气坦克，大桥梁，医院），”民事公民教授迈克尔·康斯坦丁（Michael Constantinou）说。布法罗州立大学的结构和环境工程。

"Elastomeric systems perform best in large buildings, which have large axial loads," explains Wray. "Sliding systems perform well for both large and small axial loads (large and small buildings). The behavior of sliding systems under high-frequency vertical acceleration continues to be studied."

在建筑物变形earthquake is inevitable. "Using conventional lateral force resisting systems, the deformation is distributed up the height of the building among many beams, columns, connections, braces, or shear walls," comments Wray. In comparison, "using base isolation, (nearly) all of the building deformation is concentrated at the isolation plane, limiting damage up the height of the building. The magnitude of the displacement can be predicted with more certainty than the individual deformations among hundreds or thousands of individual components of a lateral system."

"Of all the seismic protection technologies presently available, seismic isolation offers the most effective protection against damage or loss of function following strong shaking," says Hamburger. "Other structural technologies allow transmission of the motion into the structure, where its energy is dissipated either through damage to the structural elements, or through more benign energy dissipation mechanisms. Regardless, structures employing these other technologies experience greater motion and as a result more damage than do isolated structures."

基本隔离的演变和传播受许多玩家的影响。“政府在资助研究以开发这些技术方面发挥了作用，包括纳托纳尔科学基金会资助的中心，例如加州大学伯克利分校的太平洋地震工程研究中心和纽约州州立大学布法罗州立大学的多学科地震工程中心君士坦丁努说。“保险机构（和所有者）尚未考虑到地震孤立结构的损害风险降低。在美国对建筑物绩效评估绩效的工作之后，这可能会发生变化。”

The USRC membership includes all the major professional organizations in earthquake and structural engineering, structural engineering firms, architectural firms, contractors, and hardware and software suppliers. The USRC rating system rates buildings from one to five stars for each of three criteria: safety, damage and recovery. "While many lateral systems can provide high ratings for safety, base-isolated buildings provide the greatest opportunity to achieve high ratings for damage and recovery," says Wray.

"The USRC will certify raters and review ratings after they are submitted, similar to the USGBC's LEED ratings for sustainability," says Ronald Mayes, USRC executive director and co-founder. "The rating is a different way of specifying what an owner's performance expectations are for a building. I think it will become a powerful tool." The rating system launched in December, 2015. One building has been rated so far, with 18 more in process, according to Mayes.

"The structural engineering community in the past has done a poor job of communicating what a code-designed building delivers, as attested by the performance of modern buildings in the 2011 Christchurch New Zealand earthquake, where more than 50% of the modern buildings in the central business district delivered life-safety performance but had to be demolished after the earthquake," adds Mayes.

"The Insurance industry has done little to encourage the use of seismic isolation, and it could be said that offering an earthquake mitigation alternative to developing earthquake-resistant structures, actually provides a disincentive," says Hamburger. "The primary insurance benefit the owner of a seismically isolated structure obtains is through an ability to purchase greatly reduced levels of protection. Some owners have chosen to use base isolation as their earthquake insurance of choice, as any damage that may occur is well below current deductibles. In addition, base isolation provides business continuity, something that is very difficult to cover with insurance."

本文随附的幻灯片顺序于2017年7月27日更新，以反映新信息。