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Continuing terrorist threats, repercussions from the deregulation of the aviation industry in 1978, recession and high diesel fuel prices have brought some major U.S. airlines to the brink of bankruptcy recently. That sent airport construction spiraling downward, to a record-low level of just 25 million sq ft in 2002 and still lower over 2003, according to McGraw-Hill Constructions third quarter 2003 report, The Outlook for Miscellaneous Nonresidential Buildings. ENR and Architectural Record are divisions of McGraw-Hill Construction.
But there is cause for optimism, with contracts expected to average more than 9% annual gains between 2004-2006, the report states. Owners and airlines that shelved plans are rethinking options especially since Congress approved a four-year, $60-billion aviation bill last month that authorizes $14.2 billion for federal airport grants and $2 billion for a new airport security grant program (ENR 12/1 p. 13).
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最广为人知的两个趋势建立了更多的机场，用于较小的工艺，并几乎同时发生了较大机场的现有机场。
Planners are gearing up for super-jumbo jets which will carry up to 600 or more passengers at todays speeds, including the Airbus A380, scheduled to arrive on the scene in 2005. The 261-ft wingspans will require airports to build new facilities to accommodate them, predicts C. Patrick Askew, senior vice president of Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum, St. Louis.
为此，珀金斯和威尔正在巨大的迪拜国际机场设计两个Concourses。珀金斯＆威尔·威廉·多尔格（G. William Doerge）主要解释说：“在迪拜，我们正在设计Concourse II中的某些大门，以允许登机和脱机在两个层面上发生。”
Evan Futterman, aviation services chairman for HNTB, Kansas City, says several U.S. airports are preparing for the A380 in future designs. Los Angeles International Airport anticipates up to six A380s. The huge planes will require reconfiguring taxiways and double-decking holding bridges.
总部位于丹佛的CH2M Hill Cos的航空业务开发和规划总监E. Vincent Hourigan说：“这将影响机场，停车场和终端设计。”除非机场重新设计跑道系统，否则这可能意味着没有平行滑行道上的飞机。
At the same time, those airports will also have to design for the regional jets. While larger aircraft require gate areas that accommodate some 500 passengers deplaning, boarding or waiting, regional carriers want to get their average 80-person planeload in and out fast.
"The emergence of low-fare carriers in the U.S. means more frequent flights to more destinations with smaller aircraft," says Hal Hayes, an airport architect and HOK vice president. "This is a direct response to the highly competitive market and the very cost-conscious consumer of today. There are not many things that people are willing to pay more for, but a non-stop flight at the right time is one of them."
他补充说，航空公司和机场所有者发现，使机场航站楼保持持续的频繁活动水平要比在高峰时段的巨大暗恋，然后长时间的无活动范围更有效。
Southwest Airlines is doing a $152-million renovation of the 500,000-sq-ft Terminal A/B at Baltimore Washington International Airport and a $43-million reconstruction of a terminal in Ronkonkoma, N. Y. JetBlue Airways is in discussions with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to renovate the I.M. Pei-designed former National Airlines Sundrome at John F. Kennedy International Airport and may use the abandoned adjacent TWA Terminal, designed by Eero Saarinen, for automated ticketing and other services.
"Whats real important is to understand the aviation industry todayto understand what a low-cost carrier needs," says Richard Smythe, vice president of development for JetBlue. "Its about where the money is best spent. That applies to our terminal. We dont have to have the most grandiose space, but it has to be comfortable, with the right feel."
JetBlue plans to expand its 52-aircraft fleet with orders for up to 400 more and could invest up to $500 million in construction over the next few years, he says.
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| REACHINGAirports must balance aesthetics and function. (Photo courtesy of DMJM) |
进化
大规模商业航空的冒险是第二次世界大战的副产品。建筑师J. Gordon Carr在1943年7月的《未来机场》的建筑记录中指出：“根据政府报告，到1943年底，美国将有大约865个主要机场....不到100个这样的领域存在于1940年。”
He predicted that when the war ended, "numerous new airports for the use of military transport and combat planes...will be available for civilian air transport use." Like most planners of the time, Carr erroneously assumed that there would be many small specialized airports instead of one or two big ones in each city. He said very little about what airports would look like.
It wasnt until the next decade that the first airports with distinctive architectural character appeared. The first was the long, vaulted Lambert-St. Louis Municipal Airport Terminal of 1954 by Yamasaki, Hellmuth, and Leinweber (predecessors of HOK). Its interlocking, thin-shell-concrete barrel vaults created soaring, bright interior spaces.
几年后，即1956 - 62年，Eero Saarinen S TWA终端在肯尼迪国际机场（当时的伊德维尔德）机场使用了更加大胆的拱顶技术来象征飞行，并带有一系列流体的内部空间，从而从飞机上和飞机上扫过飞机。该建筑物的年龄象征着飞机在其小规模不切实际的时间很长时间首次连接到世界的时候。萨里宁（Saarinen）在华盛顿特区郊外的杜勒斯国际机场（Dulles International Airport）更大，有一个更大胆的概念移动休息室，将乘客带到飞机上。
Concepts like these may change in the next era. "The design model is changing and thats caused by security, financial restraints and customer experience," says D. Kent Turner, HOK director of transportation. "The trend is moving from spending money on the big roof statement and putting it into concessions and areas where it benefits the customer more directly." The "wow" factor is de-emphasized in favor of revenue-generating concessions and information systems for kiosks, wireless technology and screening, he says.
GATEWAYS
在国外开始的其他趋势是零售开发的最大化和对区域身份的追求。阿姆斯特丹的Schiphol和伦敦的希思罗机场机场是第一个充分利用购物来产生收入并招待等待乘客的机场。零售是新迪拜机场的关键组成部分，每个大厅至少有一家酒店。
肯·约翰逊（Ken Johnson）说：，建筑经理印第安纳波利斯的Hunt Construction合同经理。
The most dramatic early example of regional identity was the Haj Terminal at King Abdul Aziz International in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, of 1976-82, designed by SOMs Gordon Bunshaft. A series of tall, sun-reflecting, glass-fiber tents supported on steel columns recalls the desert fabric structures used in ancient times to announce visitors (ENR 1/18/79 p. 60).
近年来，一些最美学上最优势的机场是建造在大规模航空旅行开始急剧增加的地方。大阪的Kansai国际机场和香港的Chek Lap Kok机场都采用了高科技方法，欣赏了壮观的景色。建筑师Kisho Kurokawa S Kuala Lumpur国际机场设计由链接的双曲线抛物线壳组成，并由包含和分发机械服务的粗锥形柱支撑。拱顶暗示了森林，并回忆起传统的伊斯兰形式。墨菲/贾恩（Murphy/Jahn）的新曼谷国际机场航站楼是一个浅框玻璃结构，带有泰语的城市花园和乡村花园。
The first attempt to develop an airport with a sense of place in the U.S. was Cesar Pellis 1997 addition to Cheney and Goodmans National Airport in Washington, DC. It has delicate classical domes reflecting that of the Capitol. The $840-million international terminal in San Francisco, completed in 2000, evokes the city by the bay by crossing the airports approach roadway as a long-span bridge. Fentress Bradburn Architects Denver International Airport emulates the silhouette of the Rockies west of the city. In Canada, the new Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, designed by Brook Beynon Architects of Toronto and Stantec Architecture of Vancouver, contains simulated rapids and canals terminating in a wall-length waterfall in the arrivals hall to symbolize the river city.
自9/11以来的第一个新的美国新机场项目是由HOK设计的印第安纳波利斯新航站楼，它将在中央圆形聚集空间中让人联想到城市的纪念碑圈。印第安纳波利斯还举例说明了另一个趋势，即“绿色”机场航站楼。
“机场得到真正的认真,“says Jane ODonnell, director of aviation for Turner Construction Co., New York City. "Is it a blip on the screen or a movement?" But with the increasing use of wireless technology at airports, "having power efficiency may be the hand-in-hand adaptation." That efficiency will include solar power, recyclable energy and heat retention. HNTBs Futterman notes that Panama City, Fla., is looking at a new airport to be certified with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Rating System.
Energy efficiency will help balance out the costs of high technology, which will also greatly affect airport design, says Scott Collier, consultant with ZHA Inc., Orlando. Common-use self-ticketing kiosks, electronic bag tags and remote skycap service facilities located away from the terminal "are about ready to explode onto the scene," he says. The future is coming, and it is wireless.
Spurred by security upgrades, low-cost carrier growth and a general need to modernize, airports in a number of major U.S. cities are again planning or starting to move earth. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey alone has $2.25 billion worth of projects under way at JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark-Liberty airports. American Airlines new $1.4-billion, 55-gate terminal at JFK is moving forward, as is $500 million worth of new cargo facilities.
Plans are in the works for modernization of the central terminal at LaGuardia, redevelopment of Terminals A and B and parking at Newark and a retrofit of the classic Saarinen terminal for low-cost carrier JetBlue Airways at JFK.
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| 大计划Chicago's $6-billion O'Hare plan will keep designers busy. (Photo by Tudor Hampton for ENR) |
At Chicagos OHare International Airport, designs are moving forward with a $6.6-billion expansion, including a 2.5- million-sq-ft new terminal, a new 7,500-ft runway and five runway extensions.
9月11日之前开始建设的美国和加拿大机场项目也一直在新利18备用网址完成。由Skidmore Owings＆Merrill设计的44.8亿美元的Lester B. Pearson国际机场本月开放。SOM正在波士顿S完成E终端E的2亿美元翻新
洛根国际机场。Hok正在研究洛根（Logan）的码头A 3亿美元的扩建，该码头在奥兰多国际机场设计了120 Gate South Terminal Complex，并扩大了6亿美元的Oakland机场。
But they do so with adjustments based on new and evolvingsecurity requirementsfrom the Transportation Security Administration and other design issues. "Airports are easily the most complex building type," says Hayes. "They have a whole series of special systems which are seen nowhere else, on an enormous scale."
Designers have to consider the elements of vehicles on multilevel roadways, spatial and circulation requirements of aircraft and related equipment, and the crowds that ebb and flow throughout the day.
"Its like a body with multiple systems of interdependent organs, so anything that happens in one part will affect a number of others," says Hayes. "A failure in one system can shut down the entire terminal." Most airports must figure out how to handle expansion or renovation that takes place while the airport continues to function. And the buildings have to continue to provide for change.
单击下面的更多文章“未来机场” >>
Introduction: Challenges in Airport Design and Construction Aren't New
International: Global Aviation Takes Off
安全性：行李筛查在线，不见
区域s: Reviving with Revisions
Connections: Take the Train to the Plane
Airport Products
